![]() ![]() Ancient sources told of "pillars of fire" in the Caucasus Mountains around Baku, and after Russia annexed the region in the early 19th century, a primitive industry developed there, thwarted by the region's backwardness and isolation, as well as by incompetent czarist administration. Its leadership and other experts doubted that oil would be discovered outside the U.S.Īmerican kerosene found a ready market in Russia in 1862. ![]() oil output was exported, mostly to Europe, with Standard responsible for 90%. consuls eagerly pushed the new "Yankee invention," and helped develop distribution networks. Europe was oil-hungry for the same reasons as Americans: lighting, industrialization, and urbanization. The thought of kerosene fires at sea was terrifying, but after the first safe delivery to London in 1861, global trade grew rapidly. ![]()
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